Список распространенных терминов английского языка, используемых при описании случаев заражения короновирусом (Covid-19), их объяснение и перевод на русский язык.
Материал для изучения
| English | Русский | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | asymptomatic | бессимптомный | showing no symptoms of a particular disease - She had no idea her husband had coronavirus because he was asymptomatic |
| 2 | carrier | переносчик | a person or animal that transmits a disease to others, whether suffering from it themselves or not - People who are asymptomatic can still be carriers. |
| 3 | community spread | распространение в обществе | transmission of a disease directly within a community and not by importation from a foreign source - With this many new positive cases, the evidence suggests that we now have community spread right here in our county. |
| 4 | contagious | заразный | describing a disease that can pass from person to person, usually by direct contact; describing a person with such a disease. See infectious - Patients who are still contagious are kept in isolation. |
| 5 | coronavirus | коронавирус | any one of a large family of viruses that can cause disease in the breathing and eating systems of humans and animals (respiratory and digestive systems). |
| 6 | diagnose | диагностировать | identify an illness by examining the symptoms - Only a medical professional can properly diagnose the cause of your problem. |
| 7 | disease | болезнь | illness; sickness; a disorder of the body - Polio is one of several serious diseases that have been nearly eradicated. |
| 8 | droplets | капли | the spray produced when people cough or sneeze, and which can spread diseases like COVID-19 - Health care personnel wear protective clothing to guard against the disease carried in droplets when infected people sneeze or cough. |
| 9 | epidemic | эпидемия | occurrence of a particular disease in a large number of people in a particular area. See outbreak, pandemic - The city was devastated by an epidemic of cholera in the 19th century. |
| 10 | flatten the curve | выровнять кривую | change the steep upward curve on a graph of new disease cases to a flatter, shallower upward curve over a longer time period through measures such as social distancing. |
| 11 | herd immunity | коллективный иммунитет | an indirect protection from a disease resulting from a large percentage of the population gaining immunity (either through vaccination or through recovering from the disease) - This virus is unlike the seasonal flu because there is currently no vaccine or herd immunity, he said. |
| 12 | incubation period | период инкубации | the time from a person’s first exposure to a disease to the time when symptoms develop - When they know the incubation period they will know how long to keep people in quarantine. |
| 13 | infect | заразить | affect a human or animal with a disease-causing organism - But can it infect human beings? |
| 14 | infectious | заразный | describing a disease that can be transmitted through the environment; describing a human or animal capable of spreading an infection. See contagious - Avoid the dogs as they may still be infectious. |
| 15 | isolate | изолировать | keep an infected person away from healthy people - They will isolate anyone suspected of having the disease. |
| 16 | mask | маска | a piece of fibre or cloth that fits over the nose and mouth to protect other people from the wearer's germs and/or the wearer from germs in the air. |
| 17 | novel coronavirus | новый коронавирус | the word novel means “new”, and a newly identified coronavirus strain is often called a novel coronavirus - Until they gave it a name, they mostly referred to COVID-19 as novel coronavirus (disease). |
| 18 | outbreak | вспышка | a sudden occurrence of a disease (or other unpleasant thing). See epidemic, pandemic - There was another outbreak of the disease in 1993 but the cause was uncertain. |
| 19 | pathogen | возбудитель | a micro-organism or germ such as a bacterium or virus that can cause disease - Fortunately, most pathogens are dealt with by the body's immune system. |
| 20 | patient zero / Index patient | нулевой пациент | the person identified as the first to become infected with a disease in an outbreak. |
| 21 | PCR test | ПЦР тест | test that detects viral particles in blood or other body fluids. (PCR = polymerase chain reaction). |
| 22 | quarantine | карантин | isolation and monitoring of people who seem healthy but may have been exposed to an infectious disease to see if they develop symptoms. |
| 23 | social distancing | социальное дистанцирование | practice of encouraging people to minimize contact and closeness, whether by banning large or even small groups/meetings (football matches, nightclubs), or by maintaining a minimum distance between people (for example one metre or two metres). |
| 24 | symptomatic | симптоматический | showing symptoms of a particular disease - Anyone who is symptomatic is advised to phone a doctor and get tested. |
| 25 | test negative / test positive | тест отрицательный / тест положительный | if you take a test for an infection and you test negative, that means you do not have the infection. If you test positive, that means you have the infection. |
| 26 | transmission [transmit (v.)] | передача [передавать (гл.)] | transfer of a disease from animal to human or from human to human - Transmission of many diseases can be direct or indirect. |
| 27 | treat | лечить | attempt to cure or alleviate an illness or injury through medical care - Doctors cannot currently treat COVID-19 directly and instead concentrate on relieving symptoms. |
| 28 | vaccine | вакцина | a substance used to protect humans and animals from a disease - A vaccine for cholera was invented in 1879. |
| 29 | viral | вирусный | describing something like, caused by, or relating to a virus or viruses - Antibiotics cannot be used to treat viral infections because they don't kill viruses, only bacteria. |
| 30 | virus | вирус | a living thing, too small to be seen without a microscope, that causes infectious disease in animals and humans - Like all diseases caused by viruses, the common cold cannot be cured with antibiotics. |
| 31 | Acute respiratory stress syndrome (ARDS) | Синдром острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома (ОРДС) | a condition in which fluid builds up in the air sacs of the lungs. The fluid prohibits the lungs from getting enough air, leading to a deprivation of oxygen in the bloodstream. The condition is often fatal. |
| 32 | Case fatality rate | Летальность | the ratio of deaths from COVID-19 to the total number of individuals diagnosed with the disease. |
| 33 | Clinical trial | Клинические испытания | research experiments on human participants designed to answer questions about new treatments; in the case of COVID-19 and coronaviruses, the safety and efficacy of a potential vaccine. |
| 34 | Contact tracing | Отслеживание контактов | identifying and monitoring people who may have come into contact with an infectious person. In the case of COVID-19, monitoring usually involves self-quarantine as an effort to control the spread of disease. |
| 35 | Contactless | Бесконтактный | without contact; for example, “contactless delivery” would include leaving purchased items at the entryway of a home rather than handing it directly to a person. |
| 36 | Containment area | Зона содержания | a geographical zone with limited access in or out in an effort to contain an outbreak. |
| 37 | Essential business | Основной бизнес | although this definition varies between cities and states based on individual restrictions, essential businesses are those that serve a critical purpose, such as grocery stores, pharmacies, waste collection, health care providers, gas stations, banks, transportation and agriculture services. |
| 38 | Forehead thermometer | Forehead thermometer | a device that measures body temperature through hovering near or contact with the forehead rather than traditional insertion. |
| 39 | Immune surveillance | Иммунный надзор | the process of monitoring the immune system’s activities, which may include the detection and destruction of foreign substances, cells or tissues. |
| 40 | Immunosuppressed | Иммуносупрессия | an individual who experiences reduced efficacy of the immune system as a result of health conditions not related to COVID-19 disease. |
| 41 | Intensivist | Реаниматолог | a physician who specializes in treating patients who are in intensive care or in intensive care units. |
| 42 | Lockdown | Карантин | an emergency measure in which individuals are restricted from certain areas in an attempt to control exposure or transmission of disease. In a lockdown during an epidemic, individuals are encouraged to stay home. |
| 43 | Presumptive positive case | Предположительно положительный случай | an individual who has tested positive for COVID-19 by a local public health lab, but whose results are awaiting confirmation from the CDC. |
| 44 | Person under investigation (PUI) | Исследуемый | an individual who is suspected of potentially having COVID-19. |
| 45 | Remdesivir | Ремдесивир | an investigational antiviral drug that is administered intravenously and inhibits viral replication. |
| 46 | Respirator | Респиратор | a device designed to protect individuals from inhaling something hazardous in the air, in this case, particulate that may be contaminated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. |
| 47 | Screening | Скрининг | the act of verifying symptoms and potential exposure before testing for the virus. |
| 48 | Self-isolation | Самоизоляция | the act of separating oneself from others. |
| 49 | Ease | Облегчать | to make something less strict or severe. Some people are worried that the USA eased the restrictions too quickly. |
| 50 | Body temperature | Температура тела | The normal adult body temperature is 36.5 to 37 degrees Celsius. A high temperature or fever is 38 degrees Celsius or above. |
| 51 | Chain of infection | Цепь заражения | This is how an infection spreads from one person to another. |
| 52 | Co-morbidity | Сопутствующие заболевания | This means having two different health conditions at the same time. COVID-19 has been found to be particularly severe for people who have other health issues. |
| 53 | Compromised immune system | Ослабленная иммунная система | This is where you have a weak immune system (immunosuppressed). |
| 54 | Disinfectant | Дезинфицирующее средство | This is a chemical liquid that kills bacteria. A common disinfectant is bleach. |
| 55 | Endemic | Эндемичный | The constant presence of a disease in a population within a certain area. |
| 56 | Exponential growth | Экспоненциальный рост | This means that numbers increase over time very rapidly as they multiply every day. |
| 57 | Health literacy | Медицинская грамотность | Strong health literacy is important as we are dealing with a lot of health information during this COVID-19 outbreak. |
| 58 | Immunisation | Иммунизация | This is process where a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, usually by giving them a vaccine. |
| 59 | Virologist | Вирусолог | A scientist or doctor who studies viruses and the diseases viruses cause. |
| 60 | WHO (World Health Organisation) | ВОЗ (Всемирная организация здравоохранения) | The authority responsible for public health within the United Nations system (about 53 countries). It has excellent information resources including videos about washing hands and how to social distance. |
| 61 | Remote working | Удаленная работа | refers to a job that is done outside of the office. |
| 62 | Symptoms | Симптомы | a physical or mental sign indicating the presence of a disease (include sneezing, runny nose, cough, fatigue, fever, shortness of breath, etc.). |
| 63 | Swab test | Мазок | a small piece of soft material used for taking a small amount of substance from a body, or the substance itself that can then be tested. |
| 64 | "First shot", "Second shot" of vaccine | Первая, Вторая прививка от вакцины | first and second substances used to protect humans and animals from a disease. |
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