|
Verb / Глагол |
Use |
Назначение |
Example / Пример |
|
Be able to |
Present ability |
Способность в настоящем |
Despite his disability, he is able to drive a car. |
|
Future ability / possibility |
Способность / возможность в будущем |
After you receive the password you’ll be able to log on. |
|
|
Past ability / possibility |
Способность / возможность в прошлом |
We weren’t able to get cheap flights to Malaga. |
|
|
Can / can’t |
Present ability |
Способность в настоящем |
Can you speak Japanese? |
|
Present possibility |
Возможность в настоящем |
You can use this phone anywhere in the world. |
|
|
Arrangement |
Договоренность |
The dentist can see you at 3.30. |
|
|
General possibility |
Общее допущение / возможность |
Bad weather can cause delays at any time. |
|
|
Permission |
Разрешение |
Can I use your bathroom? |
|
|
Prohibition |
Запрещение |
Doctors can’t give drugs to shorten life. |
|
|
Can |
Offers |
Предложение |
Can I help you with that? |
|
Requests |
Просьба |
Can you help me with these bags? |
|
|
Can’t |
Present deduction (impossibility) |
Дедукция / заключение в настоящем |
It can’t be her, she’s on holiday in Canada. |
|
Can’t have + past participle |
Past deduction (certainty) |
Дедукция / заключение в прошлом |
She can’t have fixed this computer – it’s still not working properly. |
|
Could / couldn’t |
Past ability |
Способность в прошлом |
Could the first cameras take colour photos? |
|
Past general possibility |
Общее допущение / возможность в прошлом |
The teachers could be very strict at my old school. |
|
|
Present speculation |
Спекуляция / предположение в настоящем |
There could be life on other planets. |
|
|
Present deduction (impossibility) |
Дедукция / заключение в настоящем (невозможность) |
He couldn’t be the senior doctor – he’s far too young. |
|
|
Past prohibition |
Запрещение в прошлом |
In those days, women and criminals couldn’t vote. |
|
|
Could |
Permission |
Разрешение |
Could we stay an extra night in the hotel? |
|
Past permission |
Разрешение в прошлом |
In the 1960s you could smoke in cinemas. |
|
|
Unlikely to happen |
Навряд ли произойдет |
We could get a part-time job next summer. |
|
|
Future possibility |
Возможность в будущем |
I could get a part-time job next summer. |
|
|
Suggestion |
Предложение / рекомендация |
We could watch a DVD. |
|
|
Offer |
Предложение |
I could get Lucy’s present for you. |
|
|
Request |
Просьба |
Could you help me with this? |
|
|
Could + have + past participle |
Past possibility |
Возможность в прошлом |
David could have overslept. |
|
Past ability not used / opportunity not taken |
Неиспользованная возможность / способность |
I could have argued with him, but what’s the point? She could have paid by cheque but she preferred cash. |
|
|
Weak criticism |
Нестрогий критицизм |
She could have thanked me for the lift. |
|
|
Couldn’t + have + past participle |
Past deduction (certainty) |
Дедукция / заключение в прошлом |
Lester couldn’t have been driving the car – he doesn’t even own a car! |
|
Had to / didn’t have to |
Past obligation |
Обязательство в прошлом |
We had to have lots of vaccinations for our trip to Goa. |
|
Lack of necessity |
Отсутствие необходимости |
We didn’t have to pay for the tickets. They were free. |
|
|
Have to / don’t have to |
Present obligation |
Обязательство в настоящем |
All car passengers have to wear a seat belt. |
|
Lack of necessity |
Отсутствие необходимости |
You don’t have to pay to visit most museums in Britain. |
|
|
Future obligation |
Обязательство в будущем |
We’ll have to get visas for our trip to the States. |
|
|
Had better (not) |
Advice / warnings (single situation) |
Совет / предупреждение (одна ситуация) |
That looks hot. You’d better not touch it. You’d better change the locks in case the burglars come back. |
|
May / may not |
Permission |
Разрешение |
May I leave early this afternoon? |
|
Offers |
Предложение |
May I help you? |
|
|
Specific present possibility |
Определенная возможность в настоящем |
The manager may be in a meeting. I’ll just check. |
|
|
Future speculation |
Спекуляция / предположение в будущем |
The tickets may not arrive in time. |
|
|
Might / might not |
Specific present possibility |
Определенная возможность в настоящем |
It’s a small shop. They might not have batteries. |
|
Future speculation |
Спекуляция / предположение в будущем |
If we wait a few days, the prices might be cheaper. |
|
|
Might (not) have + past participle |
Past speculation (possibility) |
Спекуляция / предположение в прошлом (возможность) |
She might have done it – she had the opportunity and the motive. |
|
Weak criticism |
Нестрогий критицизм |
You might have told me about the party. |
|
|
Must |
Strong obligation |
Сильное / строгое обязательство |
All answers must be written in ink. |
|
Future obligation |
Обязательство в будущем |
I really must get to the dentist next week. |
|
|
Must not |
Prohibition |
Запрещение |
This appliance must not be used in bathrooms. |
|
Must |
Recommendation |
Рекомендация |
You must try this cake – it’s delicious! |
|
Present deduction (certainty) |
Спекуляция / предположение в настоящем (уверенность) |
This must be the place – it’s the restaurant in the street. |
|
|
Must + have + past participle |
Past deduction ( certainty) |
Спекуляция / предположение в прошлом (уверенность) |
There was a long bang last night. It must have been an explosion. |
|
Need to/don’t need to/needn’t |
Necessity / lack of necessity |
Необходимость / отсутствие необходимости |
He really needs to lose some weight. You needn’t / don’t need to take any food. Lunch is provided. |
|
Needed to / didn’t need to |
Past necessity / lack of necessity |
Необходимость / отсутствие необходимости в прошлом |
Javier needed to go to hospital when he broke his leg. I didn’t need to see a doctor. My cold got better on its own. |
|
Needn’t + have+ past participle |
A past action that wasn’t necessary |
Действие в прошлом, которые не было необходимом |
You needn’t have taken a towel. The gym provides them free of charge. |
|
Ought (not) to |
Advice |
Совет |
You look terrible! You ought to see a doctor. |
|
Expectation |
Ожидание |
The plane ought to be landing about now. |
|
|
Ought (not) to + have+ past participle |
Past expectation |
Ожидание в прошлом |
I don’t know where our main speaker is. He ought to have arrived ages ago. |
|
Unfulfilled past obligation |
Невыполненное обязательство |
You really ought to have registered before the term started. |
|
|
shall |
Suggestion |
Предложение / рекомендация |
Shall we try that new café? |
|
Offer |
Предложение |
Your hands are wet. Shall I get you a towel? |
|
|
Should / should not |
Expectation |
Ожидание |
Phone Henry at work. She should be there by now. |
|
Advice |
Совет |
Should I ask my boss for a pay rise? |
|
|
Should + have+ past participle |
Past expectation |
Ожидание в прошлом |
That letter should have arrived by now. |
|
Unfulfilled past obligation |
Невыполненное обязательство в прошлом |
You really should have registered before the term started. |
|
|
Past criticism |
Критицизм в прошлом |
You shouldn’t have driven through that red light. |
|
|
Will / won’t |
Future certainty / near certainty |
Уверенность / почти наверняка |
We’ll be able to get a coffee at the airport. It’ll be cold there at this time of the year. |
|
Present habits |
Привычное действие в настоящем |
The union will always support the staff in a dispute. |
|
|
(un)willingness |
Желание / нежелание |
Jim will act as referee today as Martin can’t make it. |
|
|
Offers, promises |
Предложение, обещание |
I’ll get you a sandwich. Which one do you want? |
|
|
Will / won’t + have+ past participle |
Certainty about a past event |
Уверенность о событии в прошлом |
We sent the invitations on Monday, so they will have received them by now. |