Модальные глаголы

Verb / Глагол	Use	Назначение	Example / Пример
Be able to	Present ability	Способность в настоящем	Despite his disability, he is able to drive a car.
	Future ability / possibility	Способность / возможность в будущем	After you receive the password you’ll be able to log on.
	Past ability / possibility	Способность / возможность в прошлом	We weren’t able to get cheap flights to Malaga.
Can / can’t	Present ability	Способность в настоящем	Can you speak Japanese?
	Present possibility	Возможность в настоящем	You can use this phone anywhere in the world.
	Arrangement	Договоренность	The dentist can see you at 3.30.
	General possibility	Общее допущение / возможность	Bad weather can cause delays at any time.
	Permission	Разрешение	Can I use your bathroom?
	Prohibition	Запрещение	Doctors can’t give drugs to shorten life.
Can	Offers	Предложение	Can I help you with that?
Can	Requests	Просьба	Can you help me with these bags?
Can’t	Present deduction (impossibility)	Дедукция / заключение в настоящем	It can’t be her, she’s on holiday in Canada.
Can’t have + past participle	Past deduction (certainty)	Дедукция / заключение в прошлом	She can’t have fixed this computer – it’s still not working properly.
Could / couldn’t	Past ability	Способность в прошлом	Could the first cameras take colour photos?
	Past general possibility	Общее допущение / возможность в прошлом	The teachers could be very strict at my old school.
	Present speculation	Спекуляция / предположение в настоящем	There could be life on other planets.
	Present deduction (impossibility)	Дедукция / заключение в настоящем (невозможность)	He couldn’t be the senior doctor – he’s far too young.
	Past prohibition	Запрещение в прошлом	In those days, women and criminals couldn’t vote.
Could	Permission	Разрешение	Could we stay an extra night in the hotel?
	Past permission	Разрешение в прошлом	In the 1960s you could smoke in cinemas.
	Unlikely to happen	Навряд ли произойдет	We could get a part-time job next summer.
	Future possibility	Возможность в будущем	I could get a part-time job next summer.
	Suggestion	Предложение / рекомендация	We could watch a DVD.
	Offer	Предложение	I could get Lucy’s present for you.
	Request	Просьба	Could you help me with this?
Could + have + past participle	Past possibility	Возможность в прошлом	David could have overslept.
	Past ability not used / opportunity not taken	Неиспользованная возможность / способность	I could have argued with him, but what’s the point? She could have paid by cheque but she preferred cash.
	Weak criticism	Нестрогий критицизм	She could have thanked me for the lift.
Couldn’t + have + past participle	Past deduction (certainty)	Дедукция / заключение в прошлом	Lester couldn’t have been driving the car – he doesn’t even own a car!
Had to / didn’t have to	Past obligation	Обязательство в прошлом	We had to have lots of vaccinations for our trip to Goa.
Had to / didn’t have to	Lack of necessity	Отсутствие необходимости	We didn’t have to pay for the tickets. They were free.
Have to / don’t have to	Present obligation	Обязательство в настоящем	All car passengers have to wear a seat belt.
	Lack of necessity	Отсутствие необходимости	You don’t have to pay to visit most museums in Britain.
	Future obligation	Обязательство в будущем	We’ll have to get visas for our trip to the States.
Had better (not)	Advice / warnings (single situation)	Совет / предупреждение (одна ситуация)	That looks hot. You’d better not touch it. You’d better change the locks in case the burglars come back.
May / may not	Permission	Разрешение	May I leave early this afternoon?
	Offers	Предложение	May I help you?
	Specific present possibility	Определенная возможность в настоящем	The manager may be in a meeting. I’ll just check.
	Future speculation	Спекуляция / предположение в будущем	The tickets may not arrive in time.
Might / might not	Specific present possibility	Определенная возможность в настоящем	It’s a small shop. They might not have batteries.
Might / might not	Future speculation	Спекуляция / предположение в будущем	If we wait a few days, the prices might be cheaper.
Might (not) have + past participle	Past speculation (possibility)	Спекуляция / предположение в прошлом (возможность)	She might have done it – she had the opportunity and the motive.
Might (not) have + past participle	Weak criticism	Нестрогий критицизм	You might have told me about the party.
Must	Strong obligation	Сильное / строгое обязательство	All answers must be written in ink.
Must	Future obligation	Обязательство в будущем	I really must get to the dentist next week.
Must not	Prohibition	Запрещение	This appliance must not be used in bathrooms.
Must	Recommendation	Рекомендация	You must try this cake – it’s delicious!
Must	Present deduction (certainty)	Спекуляция / предположение в настоящем (уверенность)	This must be the place – it’s the restaurant in the street.
Must + have + past participle	Past deduction ( certainty)	Спекуляция / предположение в прошлом (уверенность)	There was a long bang last night. It must have been an explosion.
Need to/don’t need to/needn’t	Necessity / lack of necessity	Необходимость / отсутствие необходимости	He really needs to lose some weight. You needn’t / don’t need to take any food. Lunch is provided.
Needed to / didn’t need to	Past necessity / lack of necessity	Необходимость / отсутствие необходимости в прошлом	Javier needed to go to hospital when he broke his leg. I didn’t need to see a doctor. My cold got better on its own.
Needn’t + have+ past participle	A past action that wasn’t necessary	Действие в прошлом, которые не было необходимом	You needn’t have taken a towel. The gym provides them free of charge.
Ought (not) to	Advice	Совет	You look terrible! You ought to see a doctor.
Ought (not) to	Expectation	Ожидание	The plane ought to be landing about now.
Ought (not) to + have+ past participle	Past expectation	Ожидание в прошлом	I don’t know where our main speaker is. He ought to have arrived ages ago.
Ought (not) to + have+ past participle	Unfulfilled past obligation	Невыполненное обязательство	You really ought to have registered before the term started.
shall	Suggestion	Предложение / рекомендация	Shall we try that new café?
shall	Offer	Предложение	Your hands are wet. Shall I get you a towel?
Should / should not	Expectation	Ожидание	Phone Henry at work. She should be there by now.
Should / should not	Advice	Совет	Should I ask my boss for a pay rise?
Should + have+ past participle	Past expectation	Ожидание в прошлом	That letter should have arrived by now.
	Unfulfilled past obligation	Невыполненное обязательство в прошлом	You really should have registered before the term started.
	Past criticism	Критицизм в прошлом	You shouldn’t have driven through that red light.
Will / won’t	Future certainty / near certainty	Уверенность / почти наверняка	We’ll be able to get a coffee at the airport. It’ll be cold there at this time of the year.
	Present habits	Привычное действие в настоящем	The union will always support the staff in a dispute.
	(un)willingness	Желание / нежелание	Jim will act as referee today as Martin can’t make it.
	Offers, promises	Предложение, обещание	I’ll get you a sandwich. Which one do you want?
Will / won’t + have+ past participle	Certainty about a past event	Уверенность о событии в прошлом	We sent the invitations on Monday, so they will have received them by now.

Developed and modified on the base of http://www.mygrammarlab.com/

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